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Haplogroup F (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Far East.
Haplogroup F is centered in Asia and appears throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is not found in the Americas.〔(Haplogroup F. )〕 It is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup R.
==Distribution==
Fairly common in East Asia and Southeast Asia.〔David Comas, Stephanie Plaza, R. Spencer Wells ''et al.'', "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2004) 12, 495–504. 〕〔Starikovskaya, E. B., Sukernik, R. I., Derbeneva, O. A., Volodko, N. V., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Torroni, A., Brown, M. D., Lott, M. T., Hosseini, S. H., Huoponen, K. and Wallace, D. C. (2005), "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups." ''Annals of Human Genetics'', 69: 67–89. 〕〔Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 23(12) 2480–2491. (2006) PMID 16982817〕〔Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;80:29–43.〕〔Asari M ''et al.'', "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population", ''Leg Med'' (2007), 〕〔Bo Wen, Xuanhua Xie, Song Gao ''et al.'', "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 74:856–865 (2004)〕〔Bo Wen, Hui Li, Song Gao ''et al.'', "Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 22(3) 725–734. (2005) 〕〔Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova G, Perkova M, Rogalla U, ''et al.'' (2012), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe." ''PLoS ONE'' 7(2) e32179. 〕〔Sayaka Maruyama, Kiyoshi Minaguchi, and Naruya Saitou, "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population", ''Int J Legal Med'' (2003) 117 : 218–225 〕〔Supannee Kaewsutthi, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Yutthana Joyjinda ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy", ''Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science'', June 2011, Vol. 52, No. 7〕〔Min-Sheng Peng, Huy Ho Quang, Khoa Pham Dang ''et al.'', "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10) 2417–2430. 2010 〕〔Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians", ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007; 80:407–415. 〕〔Kim W, Yoo T-K, Shin D-J, Rho H-W, Jin H-J, ''et al.'' (2008) "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Analysis Reveals no Association between the Common Genetic Lineages and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population." ''PLoS ONE'' 3(5) e2211. 〕〔Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture", ''Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology'' 01/2007; 12(1) 83-96. 〕〔Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?", ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1) 21–31. (2010) PMID 19755666〕 High frequencies occur in Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).〔Derenko, Miroslava 2007 (Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations ) The American Journal of Human Genetics 81, 5, Nov 07, 1025–1041〕 There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.〔M. A. Bermisheva, K. Tambets, R. Villems, and E. K. Khusnutdinova, "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region", ''Molecular Biology'', Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 802–812. Translated from ''Molekulyarnaya Biologiya'', Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 990–1001.〕〔Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation", ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' 2009, 9:154 PMID 19573232〕〔Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo ''et al.'', "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers", ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 1254–1264; 〕
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